12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 7: Wanted: Formal, unambiguous expression 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之七：寫作要求－正式、明確的表達
2011-03-30
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 7 –Wanted: Formal, unambiguous expression
技巧七：寫作要求－正式、明確的表達
This is the third tip devoted to language. To “precise word choice” and “appropriate voice” is added another writing consideration: tone. The word refers to the type or manner of expression required in academic papers. In a word, the tone is to be “formal.” Another word for it might be “professional,” in the sense that a writer conforms to a standard of the academic profession.
學術寫作注意事項中的第三點，除了技巧五「準確的遣詞用字」與技巧六「適當的第三人稱與主動」外，應該注意的下一個原則就是語調。所謂的語調就是學術論文所要求的表達風格。簡言之，寫作時應該使用「正式」的語調，換個詞來解釋，那就是「專業感」。寫作必須合乎學術界的專業要求。
“Formal writing” does not imply the use of pretentious language, which can be characterized as stilted or pompous or stiff. Rather, formal writing acknowledges a paper’s seriousness of subject and gravity of purpose. Formal language does not pretend to do anything beyond communicate clearly. Adjectives that merely adorn are unwelcome; florid prose is particularly inappropriate.
「正式寫作」並不意味著使用矯揉造作的用詞，因為這樣會讓文章顯得生硬、浮誇且僵化。正式寫作透露出，作者清楚瞭解到文章主題的嚴肅，撰寫目的之慎重。除了清楚表達旨意外，正式寫作不需無謂的矯飾：具裝飾目的的形容詞不受歡迎，華麗的行文更是格格不入。
Informal writing violates these principles because its purpose is entirely different. Informal language entertains, or casually conveys a message. It exaggerates for literary or humorous effect and otherwise embellishes a central thought with whimsical flourishes. All of this is laudable when in character. However, it is entirely out of character for a purposeful academic paper.
非正式寫作違反這些原則，主要原因在於寫作目的完全不同。非正式的寫作文章，目的是娛樂讀者，或以隨性表現來傳達訊息。為展現文學、幽默的口吻，非正式寫作的作者隨時可誇飾或以滑稽、華麗的詞藻修飾論文的中心論點。只要寫作得當，這些手法固然值得嘉獎；然而，對嚴謹的學術論文而言，這類風格顯然極不適當。
Nor is scholarly writing marked by emotional intrusions. Scholarship, after all, is an intellectual exercise. Academic papers are dedicated to ideas, not feelings. Thinking, not emoting, should drive a serious academic writer. The language employed in the paper should have the tensile strength of a tempered thought, rather than the ductile strength of an emotional appeal.
學術寫作也不應摻雜個人情緒。學術作品畢竟是智識的結晶，而論文的重心是論點，不該是情感。促使寫作者的動力應該是來自創新思考而非個人情緒。論文的論據應該是歷經千錘百鍊所獲的堅定實證，而非訴諸情感的柔弱論點。
As a rule, shorthand expression is not acceptable in an academic paper. Therefore, contractions are out. Abbreviations should be avoided. Jargon is inappropriate, whether elevated, as in specialized technical language, or demeaning, as in a pejorative gibe. Any truncated or colloquial expression invites ambiguity. For a paper to endure, it must be expressed in enduring language.
一般來說，「簡寫」難登大雅之堂。其中包括，縮寫不宜出現；長字不可被縮短；技術行話，不論多專業或是多富含技術性，此類意含嘲諷的寫法皆不宜使用。任何縮寫或口語的用法只會模糊句意。文章若想名垂不朽，就必須用經得起時間考驗的字詞寫作文章。
All of this should come naturally for a writer whose sole purpose is to honestly share insight and discovered truth. The substance of a paper should be enough to induce in a reader the hoped-for sense of pleasure and revelation. Attempts to artificially convey such sensations through artful word choice usually boomerang. Clear, unadorned writing lets a reader see a paper’s real worth.
學術論文作者的中心目的，只要忠實表達獨特洞見與發現新的實證論據，那麼他的寫作自然而然會合乎上述一切原則，單憑文章表述的內容就足以使讀者如獲至寶般的喜悅與受到啟發。倘若試圖以華麗造作的言詞來追求這種喜悅與成就，通常是自曝其短、行不通的。清楚、樸實的寫作手法，便足以讓讀者感受論文的真正價值。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 7 –Wanted: Formal, unambiguous expression
技巧七：寫作要求－正式、明確的表達
This is the third tip devoted to language. To “precise word choice” and “appropriate voice” is added another writing consideration: tone. The word refers to the type or manner of expression required in academic papers. In a word, the tone is to be “formal.” Another word for it might be “professional,” in the sense that a writer conforms to a standard of the academic profession.
學術寫作注意事項中的第三點，除了技巧五「準確的遣詞用字」與技巧六「適當的第三人稱與主動」外，應該注意的下一個原則就是語調。所謂的語調就是學術論文所要求的表達風格。簡言之，寫作時應該使用「正式」的語調，換個詞來解釋，那就是「專業感」。寫作必須合乎學術界的專業要求。
“Formal writing” does not imply the use of pretentious language, which can be characterized as stilted or pompous or stiff. Rather, formal writing acknowledges a paper’s seriousness of subject and gravity of purpose. Formal language does not pretend to do anything beyond communicate clearly. Adjectives that merely adorn are unwelcome; florid prose is particularly inappropriate.
「正式寫作」並不意味著使用矯揉造作的用詞，因為這樣會讓文章顯得生硬、浮誇且僵化。正式寫作透露出，作者清楚瞭解到文章主題的嚴肅，撰寫目的之慎重。除了清楚表達旨意外，正式寫作不需無謂的矯飾：具裝飾目的的形容詞不受歡迎，華麗的行文更是格格不入。
Informal writing violates these principles because its purpose is entirely different. Informal language entertains, or casually conveys a message. It exaggerates for literary or humorous effect and otherwise embellishes a central thought with whimsical flourishes. All of this is laudable when in character. However, it is entirely out of character for a purposeful academic paper.
非正式寫作違反這些原則，主要原因在於寫作目的完全不同。非正式的寫作文章，目的是娛樂讀者，或以隨性表現來傳達訊息。為展現文學、幽默的口吻，非正式寫作的作者隨時可誇飾或以滑稽、華麗的詞藻修飾論文的中心論點。只要寫作得當，這些手法固然值得嘉獎；然而，對嚴謹的學術論文而言，這類風格顯然極不適當。
Nor is scholarly writing marked by emotional intrusions. Scholarship, after all, is an intellectual exercise. Academic papers are dedicated to ideas, not feelings. Thinking, not emoting, should drive a serious academic writer. The language employed in the paper should have the tensile strength of a tempered thought, rather than the ductile strength of an emotional appeal.
學術寫作也不應摻雜個人情緒。學術作品畢竟是智識的結晶，而論文的重心是論點，不該是情感。促使寫作者的動力應該是來自創新思考而非個人情緒。論文的論據應該是歷經千錘百鍊所獲的堅定實證，而非訴諸情感的柔弱論點。
As a rule, shorthand expression is not acceptable in an academic paper. Therefore, contractions are out. Abbreviations should be avoided. Jargon is inappropriate, whether elevated, as in specialized technical language, or demeaning, as in a pejorative gibe. Any truncated or colloquial expression invites ambiguity. For a paper to endure, it must be expressed in enduring language.
一般來說，「簡寫」難登大雅之堂。其中包括，縮寫不宜出現；長字不可被縮短；技術行話，不論多專業或是多富含技術性，此類意含嘲諷的寫法皆不宜使用。任何縮寫或口語的用法只會模糊句意。文章若想名垂不朽，就必須用經得起時間考驗的字詞寫作文章。
All of this should come naturally for a writer whose sole purpose is to honestly share insight and discovered truth. The substance of a paper should be enough to induce in a reader the hoped-for sense of pleasure and revelation. Attempts to artificially convey such sensations through artful word choice usually boomerang. Clear, unadorned writing lets a reader see a paper’s real worth.
學術論文作者的中心目的，只要忠實表達獨特洞見與發現新的實證論據，那麼他的寫作自然而然會合乎上述一切原則，單憑文章表述的內容就足以使讀者如獲至寶般的喜悅與受到啟發。倘若試圖以華麗造作的言詞來追求這種喜悅與成就，通常是自曝其短、行不通的。清楚、樸實的寫作手法，便足以讓讀者感受論文的真正價值。
Last Update at 2011-04-28 PM 2:52 | 0 Comments
Professor Pedantic 教授的考究學問
2011-03-23
TPS的編輯教授在此歡迎關於學術文章的所有詢問，當然，其實他並沒有足夠的時間給你。他擁有終身教職的教授身份，也是著名的學術巨作作者。即便如此，他仍大方地接受你們的詢問。將關於學術方面的詢問寫在下方，你將獲得教授的親自指導，陶冶對學術的探索與啟發。
The professor awaits your query on academic writing, though in all honesty, he doesn’t have a lot of time for you. He is a tenured full professor and working on yet another magnificent academic tome. Even so, he has graciously consented to entertain your question. Submit it and prepare to be edified.
QUESTION: I want to write a paper on the character of Emily Dickinson. However, her life was so different from mine that I fear I will not be able to grasp the totality of her being. Should I write about someone whose life more closely mirrors my own?
我想寫一篇探討Emily Dickinson人格的文章，不過她的生活經驗與我實在相差太遠，我很擔心無法捕捉到她的全貌。我是不是該研究另一個生活體驗與我較相似的對象？
The American poet Emily Dickinson was an eccentric personality, of that there is no doubt. She was a slow starter and something of a misfit. She squirreled herself away as a young woman to write intense poems about men and love and God and other things of which she clearly knew nothing, being a recluse. You say you aren’t much like her? Well, good for you.
美國女詩人Emily Dickinson為人特立獨行，這點無庸置疑。她並非早慧的天才，而且與週遭環境有點格格不入，年紀輕輕就一點一滴地創作尖銳的詩篇，抒寫人類、愛、上帝，顯然與世隔絕的她，還寫了許多她一無所知的事物，你說你和她沒有共通之處嗎？算你運氣好。
But that is the whole point, isn’t it? Unlike novelists, who often are encouraged to write about what they know so they can create authentic fiction from personal knowledge, academic writers are required to venture into the unknown. They are entrusted with the greater task of conceiving, developing and justifying an idea. It needn’t be an idea fondly held by the writer. In fact, a topic’s strangeness—which is to say, the writer’s unfamiliarity with it—can be an asset, because it forces more thorough research.
不過研究不就是這麼回事嗎？研究者跟小說家不一樣，小說家常被鼓勵書寫已知的事物，好從個人經驗中創造出有說服力的幻想作品；但學術論文的作者則必須探索未知的事物，因為他們背負著萌生想法、加以發展並證實的重責大任。這些想法作者本人未必喜歡。事實上一個主題若是顯得陌生—也就是說，不是作者熟悉的題材—反而會是研究的好對象，因為作者將會不得不更深入探索。
So, personally not identifying with Emily Dickinson is no more a liability for you than personally not having stepped on the moon is for a writer psychoanalyzing an astronaut. Fresh thinking on any subject, when buttressed by comprehensive research and clear and forceful writing, is not dependent upon one’s personal identification with the subject. Just proceed with an open mind, and relish discovery. You might find you have more in common with Ms. Dickinson than you think.
所以跟Emily Dickinson缺乏交集並非研究上的障礙，就像作家不需要親自登陸月球，照樣能對太空人作心理分析。只要你有詳盡的研究與清晰有力的文章做基礎，未必要認同研究對象本人，也能在任何主題表現充滿新意的作品。只要抱持著開放的心胸，享受發現的快樂，也許你會發現，其實你和這位女詩人的共通處意外地多。
The professor awaits your query on academic writing, though in all honesty, he doesn’t have a lot of time for you. He is a tenured full professor and working on yet another magnificent academic tome. Even so, he has graciously consented to entertain your question. Submit it and prepare to be edified.
QUESTION: I want to write a paper on the character of Emily Dickinson. However, her life was so different from mine that I fear I will not be able to grasp the totality of her being. Should I write about someone whose life more closely mirrors my own?
我想寫一篇探討Emily Dickinson人格的文章，不過她的生活經驗與我實在相差太遠，我很擔心無法捕捉到她的全貌。我是不是該研究另一個生活體驗與我較相似的對象？
The American poet Emily Dickinson was an eccentric personality, of that there is no doubt. She was a slow starter and something of a misfit. She squirreled herself away as a young woman to write intense poems about men and love and God and other things of which she clearly knew nothing, being a recluse. You say you aren’t much like her? Well, good for you.
美國女詩人Emily Dickinson為人特立獨行，這點無庸置疑。她並非早慧的天才，而且與週遭環境有點格格不入，年紀輕輕就一點一滴地創作尖銳的詩篇，抒寫人類、愛、上帝，顯然與世隔絕的她，還寫了許多她一無所知的事物，你說你和她沒有共通之處嗎？算你運氣好。
But that is the whole point, isn’t it? Unlike novelists, who often are encouraged to write about what they know so they can create authentic fiction from personal knowledge, academic writers are required to venture into the unknown. They are entrusted with the greater task of conceiving, developing and justifying an idea. It needn’t be an idea fondly held by the writer. In fact, a topic’s strangeness—which is to say, the writer’s unfamiliarity with it—can be an asset, because it forces more thorough research.
不過研究不就是這麼回事嗎？研究者跟小說家不一樣，小說家常被鼓勵書寫已知的事物，好從個人經驗中創造出有說服力的幻想作品；但學術論文的作者則必須探索未知的事物，因為他們背負著萌生想法、加以發展並證實的重責大任。這些想法作者本人未必喜歡。事實上一個主題若是顯得陌生—也就是說，不是作者熟悉的題材—反而會是研究的好對象，因為作者將會不得不更深入探索。
So, personally not identifying with Emily Dickinson is no more a liability for you than personally not having stepped on the moon is for a writer psychoanalyzing an astronaut. Fresh thinking on any subject, when buttressed by comprehensive research and clear and forceful writing, is not dependent upon one’s personal identification with the subject. Just proceed with an open mind, and relish discovery. You might find you have more in common with Ms. Dickinson than you think.
所以跟Emily Dickinson缺乏交集並非研究上的障礙，就像作家不需要親自登陸月球，照樣能對太空人作心理分析。只要你有詳盡的研究與清晰有力的文章做基礎，未必要認同研究對象本人，也能在任何主題表現充滿新意的作品。只要抱持著開放的心胸，享受發現的快樂，也許你會發現，其實你和這位女詩人的共通處意外地多。
Last Update at 2011-04-28 PM 2:53 | 0 Comments
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 6: The ideal voice for a paper: third-person and active 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之六：論文的理想語氣：「第三人稱」與「主動」
2011-03-16
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 6 – The ideal voice for a paper: third-person and active
技巧六：論文的理想語氣：「第三人稱」與「主動」
Having resolved to write purposefully and to employ a writing style that emphasizes clear and vital language, the author of an academic paper next must address the mechanics of the language. One of these issues is choosing the appropriate “voice” to communicate the substance of the paper. This is essential. Finding its “voice” is central to a paper’s function and effectiveness.
下了決心要寫出目標明確、有重點、有活力的文章後，身為論文作者下一步要面對的就是，語言的處理技巧，其一就是，必須用適當「語氣」傳達文章內容。這個原則相當重要，能否運用適當的語氣，關係到文章的作用與表達的效果。
A letter to a friend is written in casual language, while a scholarship application is formal and respectful. But an academic paper is authoritative. A paper advances an original or unusual idea in a one-on-one forum; advancement depends largely upon the perceived authority of the person voicing the idea. If the written voice resonates with convincing force, it can prevail.
寫給朋友的信箋，遣詞可較為隨意；獎學金申請函，則需正式且恭敬。談到學術論文，則語氣必須夠權威。論文是在一對一的版面上傳達原創或獨特的想法，其成效取決於作者的論述語氣是否具權威性。如果寫作的文字充滿說服力，內容自然會被接受。
The best way to convey clout is to write the paper from a third-person point of view. This means a writer should not use “I” or “you” or “we” sentence structures, which are perfect for ordinary conversation and quite imperfect for scholarly presentation. Employing the less intimate third-person objective voice lets the collected persuasive material speak for itself.
要讓文句切中要點，最好的方法就是用第三人稱寫作。換句話說，不要採用“I”、 “you” 、 “we”開頭的句子。這些句子用在一般對話中似無不妥，但用在學術表達則顯得有失穩當。第三人稱句子讀起來少了親近、也較客觀，更能突顯文章的整體論述。
The third-person perspective also conveys authority because it increases the “distance” between an author and the subject of a paper. The writer disappears when “I” is dropped from the text. Similarly, the reader is not dragged into it when “you” is absent. The resulting vacuum is filled by the influential “voices” of footnoted experts, laboratory data, and recorded experience.
第三人稱口吻也較具權威，因為作者與主題間的距離，在第三人稱下會顯得更遠。少了主詞“I”之後，作者會從文章中消失；同樣地，沒有了“you”，讀者也不會被拖進文字裡。填補空缺的將是更具說服力的「聲音」，像是鑽研考據的專家、實驗數據、經驗記錄等。
The other voice rule in writing a paper is to use active language—though not always. Passive sentence construction does maintain desired “distance.” (Example: “The test was repeated four times,” rather than “I repeated the test four times.”) However, an active voice propels a paper. (“Four tests produced identical results.”) Don’t be lulled and dulled by “distance” considerations.
論文語氣的另一個規則，就是使用主動句—不過並非必然。被動句的確可以創造出理想的距離（如「實驗重複了四次」就比「我做了四次實驗」來得好）；但主動語氣可以推動文章的起伏與節奏（如「四次實驗的結果相同」）。所以，不要為了創造距離，讓文章變得拖沓呆滯。
After the writer of an academic paper has exhaustively searched sources and validated a thesis, presenting it in a chatty, overly personal and unprofessional voice is such a wasted opportunity. The mechanics of effective presentation are not difficult to employ. Keep objective distance between writer and subject. Let the facts speak for themselves. Actively make the case.
已經盡己所能搜尋參考資料，用盡心力證明自己的論點，若是以閒話家常的態度與不專業的語氣來呈現作品，著實浪費了先前付出的諸多努力。想要有效地表達想法其實不難，只要掌握以下重點：保持作者與讀者間的客觀距離，讓事實昭然若揭，用主動句堅定立場。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 6 – The ideal voice for a paper: third-person and active
技巧六：論文的理想語氣：「第三人稱」與「主動」
Having resolved to write purposefully and to employ a writing style that emphasizes clear and vital language, the author of an academic paper next must address the mechanics of the language. One of these issues is choosing the appropriate “voice” to communicate the substance of the paper. This is essential. Finding its “voice” is central to a paper’s function and effectiveness.
下了決心要寫出目標明確、有重點、有活力的文章後，身為論文作者下一步要面對的就是，語言的處理技巧，其一就是，必須用適當「語氣」傳達文章內容。這個原則相當重要，能否運用適當的語氣，關係到文章的作用與表達的效果。
A letter to a friend is written in casual language, while a scholarship application is formal and respectful. But an academic paper is authoritative. A paper advances an original or unusual idea in a one-on-one forum; advancement depends largely upon the perceived authority of the person voicing the idea. If the written voice resonates with convincing force, it can prevail.
寫給朋友的信箋，遣詞可較為隨意；獎學金申請函，則需正式且恭敬。談到學術論文，則語氣必須夠權威。論文是在一對一的版面上傳達原創或獨特的想法，其成效取決於作者的論述語氣是否具權威性。如果寫作的文字充滿說服力，內容自然會被接受。
The best way to convey clout is to write the paper from a third-person point of view. This means a writer should not use “I” or “you” or “we” sentence structures, which are perfect for ordinary conversation and quite imperfect for scholarly presentation. Employing the less intimate third-person objective voice lets the collected persuasive material speak for itself.
要讓文句切中要點，最好的方法就是用第三人稱寫作。換句話說，不要採用“I”、 “you” 、 “we”開頭的句子。這些句子用在一般對話中似無不妥，但用在學術表達則顯得有失穩當。第三人稱句子讀起來少了親近、也較客觀，更能突顯文章的整體論述。
The third-person perspective also conveys authority because it increases the “distance” between an author and the subject of a paper. The writer disappears when “I” is dropped from the text. Similarly, the reader is not dragged into it when “you” is absent. The resulting vacuum is filled by the influential “voices” of footnoted experts, laboratory data, and recorded experience.
第三人稱口吻也較具權威，因為作者與主題間的距離，在第三人稱下會顯得更遠。少了主詞“I”之後，作者會從文章中消失；同樣地，沒有了“you”，讀者也不會被拖進文字裡。填補空缺的將是更具說服力的「聲音」，像是鑽研考據的專家、實驗數據、經驗記錄等。
The other voice rule in writing a paper is to use active language—though not always. Passive sentence construction does maintain desired “distance.” (Example: “The test was repeated four times,” rather than “I repeated the test four times.”) However, an active voice propels a paper. (“Four tests produced identical results.”) Don’t be lulled and dulled by “distance” considerations.
論文語氣的另一個規則，就是使用主動句—不過並非必然。被動句的確可以創造出理想的距離（如「實驗重複了四次」就比「我做了四次實驗」來得好）；但主動語氣可以推動文章的起伏與節奏（如「四次實驗的結果相同」）。所以，不要為了創造距離，讓文章變得拖沓呆滯。
After the writer of an academic paper has exhaustively searched sources and validated a thesis, presenting it in a chatty, overly personal and unprofessional voice is such a wasted opportunity. The mechanics of effective presentation are not difficult to employ. Keep objective distance between writer and subject. Let the facts speak for themselves. Actively make the case.
已經盡己所能搜尋參考資料，用盡心力證明自己的論點，若是以閒話家常的態度與不專業的語氣來呈現作品，著實浪費了先前付出的諸多努力。想要有效地表達想法其實不難，只要掌握以下重點：保持作者與讀者間的客觀距離，讓事實昭然若揭，用主動句堅定立場。
Last Update at 2012-09-14 AM 11:10 | 0 Comments
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 5: The essence of writing is careful word choices 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之五：注意用字遣詞
2011-03-03
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 5: The essence of writing is careful word choices
12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之五：注意用字遣詞
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 5 –The essence of writing is careful word choices
技巧五：注意用字遣詞
The pre-writing phase of creating an academic paper now is complete. Having chosen and researched the paper’s subject and thesis, determined the proper format, and created the structure or outline of the paper, the author is ready to write. While each part in the process of a paper’s creation is essential, how it is written ultimately tells the story of its academic value.
現在，已經完成論文撰寫的準備階段，包括已選定論文主題、做了相關研究、瞭解適當的寫作風格並擬定論文大綱，一切準備就緒後，我們就來著手寫論文。雖然論文寫作的每個階段都非常重要，然而，最終論文真正的學術價值，還是取決於你的論文內容。
The elements of good academic writing are obvious—and not so obvious. Consequently, several tips will be devoted to composition. However, the overall standard for academic writing can be summarized in a word: precision. Choosing words precisely accomplishes several good things. That is, careful selection of words gives a paper clarity, vitality, purpose, and substance.
好的學術論文應該具備哪些特質，看似顯而易見，卻又好像沒那麼容易掌握。其實，撰寫論文需要一點小技巧。一言以蔽之，論文寫作的準則就是「精確」。用字遣詞力求精確，可讓論文讀來文意清晰、活力盡現、立意鮮明且真材實料。
Clarity is the Number 1 objective when pen is put to paper, or fingertips to a keyboard. The goal should not be to dazzle the assigning professor, nor to impress him with the author’s entire vocabulary. Rather, the author should strive to be clear, to avoid misunderstanding and confusion. Writing that cleanly and sharply defines an idea is sure to be embraced and rewarded.
撰寫論文的第一要務是文意務必清晰，不需太過花俏讓教授眼花繚亂，也不需將滿腹英文字彙全數傾囊而出。論文必須致力於保持文意清晰，避免造成誤解或混淆。一篇文章若是可以清晰、鮮明地完整描繪一個觀念或是概念，則可堪稱佳作。
The vitality of a paper is what impels a reader to read it; what makes a paper vital is carefully chosen words. One characteristic of vitality is liveliness. A word that enlivens a sentence or conveys a thought with power or spirit captures the interest of a reader. Using such words throughout a paper holds the interest and gives the paper enduring appeal. Dull papers lack vigor.
充滿活力的論文能激發讀者閱讀的興趣，活力的來源就在於遣詞用字的謹慎，而最大的特質在於運用富有生命力的詞彙。只要這個字詞能充份展現敘述的力道與精神，有效傳達論文概念，在畫龍點睛之間，就足以吸引讀者的目光。運用這類的字詞貫串論文內容之中，就必定能維繫讀者閱讀的興趣；而枯燥呆板的文章自然無法展現出這樣的活力。
Purpose is at the heart of any academic paper. After all, a paper isn’t written as an exercise. It is written to advance an idea, to provoke new thinking, to persuade. Words are the tools for accomplishing this. Remember: Weak words cannot push anything, dull words are not provocative, and mincing words are not convincing. Always use words with purpose and intent.
論文的精髓在於精確表達寫作目的，畢竟撰寫論文並不是寫作練習，你必須提出一個新概念、具有獨創的想法，進而說服讀者。而達到這些目標的有力工具，就是文字。請謹記，文字沒有力量則無法成事，文字沈悶則無激勵效果，文字裝模作樣毫無重點則無說服力。你所使用的任何文字都必須有目標、有意義。
Substance is intellectual weight. An academic paper is substantial if it contains original thoughts. Yet a paper without an original thesis still can possess substance if fresh and forceful language reflects original research. A wisely chosen word, grounded in fact, reverberates with power. In short, having something essential to say is a good start, but saying it forcefully closes the deal.
內容，決定論文的學術地位。一篇論文因原創想法而偉大；缺乏原創想法，若運用清晰有力的字句，呼應與推展原創性的研究，這篇論文仍佔有相當的學術份量。歷經實證求據、精雕細琢的字詞可讓論文充滿力量。所以，能找到重要的概念是好的開始，而能夠有力量、有效果地表達出來，才能真正展現論文的價值，得以譽為學術界的傑出貢獻。
12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之五：注意用字遣詞
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 5 –The essence of writing is careful word choices
技巧五：注意用字遣詞
The pre-writing phase of creating an academic paper now is complete. Having chosen and researched the paper’s subject and thesis, determined the proper format, and created the structure or outline of the paper, the author is ready to write. While each part in the process of a paper’s creation is essential, how it is written ultimately tells the story of its academic value.
現在，已經完成論文撰寫的準備階段，包括已選定論文主題、做了相關研究、瞭解適當的寫作風格並擬定論文大綱，一切準備就緒後，我們就來著手寫論文。雖然論文寫作的每個階段都非常重要，然而，最終論文真正的學術價值，還是取決於你的論文內容。
The elements of good academic writing are obvious—and not so obvious. Consequently, several tips will be devoted to composition. However, the overall standard for academic writing can be summarized in a word: precision. Choosing words precisely accomplishes several good things. That is, careful selection of words gives a paper clarity, vitality, purpose, and substance.
好的學術論文應該具備哪些特質，看似顯而易見，卻又好像沒那麼容易掌握。其實，撰寫論文需要一點小技巧。一言以蔽之，論文寫作的準則就是「精確」。用字遣詞力求精確，可讓論文讀來文意清晰、活力盡現、立意鮮明且真材實料。
Clarity is the Number 1 objective when pen is put to paper, or fingertips to a keyboard. The goal should not be to dazzle the assigning professor, nor to impress him with the author’s entire vocabulary. Rather, the author should strive to be clear, to avoid misunderstanding and confusion. Writing that cleanly and sharply defines an idea is sure to be embraced and rewarded.
撰寫論文的第一要務是文意務必清晰，不需太過花俏讓教授眼花繚亂，也不需將滿腹英文字彙全數傾囊而出。論文必須致力於保持文意清晰，避免造成誤解或混淆。一篇文章若是可以清晰、鮮明地完整描繪一個觀念或是概念，則可堪稱佳作。
The vitality of a paper is what impels a reader to read it; what makes a paper vital is carefully chosen words. One characteristic of vitality is liveliness. A word that enlivens a sentence or conveys a thought with power or spirit captures the interest of a reader. Using such words throughout a paper holds the interest and gives the paper enduring appeal. Dull papers lack vigor.
充滿活力的論文能激發讀者閱讀的興趣，活力的來源就在於遣詞用字的謹慎，而最大的特質在於運用富有生命力的詞彙。只要這個字詞能充份展現敘述的力道與精神，有效傳達論文概念，在畫龍點睛之間，就足以吸引讀者的目光。運用這類的字詞貫串論文內容之中，就必定能維繫讀者閱讀的興趣；而枯燥呆板的文章自然無法展現出這樣的活力。
Purpose is at the heart of any academic paper. After all, a paper isn’t written as an exercise. It is written to advance an idea, to provoke new thinking, to persuade. Words are the tools for accomplishing this. Remember: Weak words cannot push anything, dull words are not provocative, and mincing words are not convincing. Always use words with purpose and intent.
論文的精髓在於精確表達寫作目的，畢竟撰寫論文並不是寫作練習，你必須提出一個新概念、具有獨創的想法，進而說服讀者。而達到這些目標的有力工具，就是文字。請謹記，文字沒有力量則無法成事，文字沈悶則無激勵效果，文字裝模作樣毫無重點則無說服力。你所使用的任何文字都必須有目標、有意義。
Substance is intellectual weight. An academic paper is substantial if it contains original thoughts. Yet a paper without an original thesis still can possess substance if fresh and forceful language reflects original research. A wisely chosen word, grounded in fact, reverberates with power. In short, having something essential to say is a good start, but saying it forcefully closes the deal.
內容，決定論文的學術地位。一篇論文因原創想法而偉大；缺乏原創想法，若運用清晰有力的字句，呼應與推展原創性的研究，這篇論文仍佔有相當的學術份量。歷經實證求據、精雕細琢的字詞可讓論文充滿力量。所以，能找到重要的概念是好的開始，而能夠有力量、有效果地表達出來，才能真正展現論文的價值，得以譽為學術界的傑出貢獻。
Last Update at 2012-09-14 AM 11:09 | 0 Comments
Professor Pedantic 教授的考究學問
2011-03-02
TPS的編輯教授在此歡迎關於學術文章的所有詢問，當然，其實他並沒有足夠的時間給你。他擁有終身教職的教授身份，也是著名的學術巨作作者。即便如此，他仍大方地接受你們的詢問。將關於學術方面的詢問寫在下方，你將獲得教授的親自指導，陶冶對學術的探索與啟發。
The professor awaits your query on academic writing, though in all honesty, he doesn’t have a lot of time for you. He is a tenured full professor and working on yet another magnificent academic tome. Even so, he has graciously consented to entertain your question. Submit it and prepare to be edified.
QUESTION: I submitted a paper on the integrity of Oedipus. My professor gave it a low grade, saying it lacked “rigor.” I know what “rigor” means, but the professor evidently has a different definition. What characterizes academic rigor?
我的報告「伊底帕思的健全性」成績很低，老師的評語是不夠「嚴謹」。我知道嚴謹是什麼意思，不過想必老師所謂的嚴謹並不同於我的認知，究竟在學術論文的領域中，如何做到寫作的「嚴謹」呢？
The “integrity of Oedipus” reminds me of an old joke about the congeniality of kumquats, but I won’t regale you. You didn’t ask me a question just to get a chuckle. That’s why we have teaching assistants. What characterizes academic rigor? I’ll give you a Dickensian answer: great expectations. University faculty members expect to work in a rarified environment of intellectual activity and curiosity. They expect their students to contribute to this community of intellect, or at the very least to reflect it.
說到「伊底帕思的健全性」，讓我聯想到關於金桔的老笑話，不過，我可不是來說笑話的，我相信你向我請教這個問題也不期望有什麼好笑的答案，不然你會去找助教，不會來找我。學術所定義的「嚴謹」是什麼？狄更斯式的回答是：高度的期望。大學教職老師一向期許能創造充滿豐富知識與好奇心的環境，並期待學生對這樣無形的知識環境貢獻自己的所學與研究，或是至少表現出對學術探索的積極態度。
Consequently, standards are high for any products that emerge from this intellectual hothouse, including academic papers. Standards not only are high, they are rather inflexible. After all, rigor is characterized by exactness and unvarying quality. It follows that thinking and writing are expected to be uniformly stimulating. Classroom discussions are expected to prick previously untouched nodes of the brain. Ideally, constructive criticism will awaken slumbering geniuses and produce a flowering of original thought.
因此，像這樣產出豐富知識的學術溫床與環境，自然必須採用更高的標準才能撰寫出一篇傑出的學術論文。這些標準不僅嚴格，也很難任意改變。畢竟，所謂「嚴謹」，就是精確的表達與穩定的品質，這樣的觀念不論是用在思考或是寫作方面，都必須引以為鑑。藉由課堂討論的方式，可激發腦中從未探索過的思緒與環結，像這樣具有積極建設性的評論與溝通，可望喚醒沈睡中的天才，引導創造出源源不絕的獨創想法。
This is the theory, anyway, behind “academic rigor.” By pushing and pushing, it is hoped that brains become fully engaged, enhancing the climate of thought on a campus. In reality, sometimes the only result is people with headaches. Still, the hope endures that students, such as you, can be persuaded to turn in papers marked by intellectual rigor. The greater hope is that you will become so conditioned to thinking rigorously that deep thought, thorough research, and clear expression will develop into lifelong habits.
以上見解，是「學術嚴謹」存在的背後理論，主要希望學生在不斷督促之下可更加積極思考，推廣校園的學術風氣。當然，在現實生活中，這樣的督促往往讓學生更加頭痛而有苦難言。但是，我仍希望所有的學生，包括您自己，都能夠寫出堪稱嚴謹的論文。我更加期許大家應以嚴謹思考的方式自律，養成終身學習的好習慣，包括：深入的思考、透徹的研究以及清晰的表達。
The professor awaits your query on academic writing, though in all honesty, he doesn’t have a lot of time for you. He is a tenured full professor and working on yet another magnificent academic tome. Even so, he has graciously consented to entertain your question. Submit it and prepare to be edified.
QUESTION: I submitted a paper on the integrity of Oedipus. My professor gave it a low grade, saying it lacked “rigor.” I know what “rigor” means, but the professor evidently has a different definition. What characterizes academic rigor?
我的報告「伊底帕思的健全性」成績很低，老師的評語是不夠「嚴謹」。我知道嚴謹是什麼意思，不過想必老師所謂的嚴謹並不同於我的認知，究竟在學術論文的領域中，如何做到寫作的「嚴謹」呢？
The “integrity of Oedipus” reminds me of an old joke about the congeniality of kumquats, but I won’t regale you. You didn’t ask me a question just to get a chuckle. That’s why we have teaching assistants. What characterizes academic rigor? I’ll give you a Dickensian answer: great expectations. University faculty members expect to work in a rarified environment of intellectual activity and curiosity. They expect their students to contribute to this community of intellect, or at the very least to reflect it.
說到「伊底帕思的健全性」，讓我聯想到關於金桔的老笑話，不過，我可不是來說笑話的，我相信你向我請教這個問題也不期望有什麼好笑的答案，不然你會去找助教，不會來找我。學術所定義的「嚴謹」是什麼？狄更斯式的回答是：高度的期望。大學教職老師一向期許能創造充滿豐富知識與好奇心的環境，並期待學生對這樣無形的知識環境貢獻自己的所學與研究，或是至少表現出對學術探索的積極態度。
Consequently, standards are high for any products that emerge from this intellectual hothouse, including academic papers. Standards not only are high, they are rather inflexible. After all, rigor is characterized by exactness and unvarying quality. It follows that thinking and writing are expected to be uniformly stimulating. Classroom discussions are expected to prick previously untouched nodes of the brain. Ideally, constructive criticism will awaken slumbering geniuses and produce a flowering of original thought.
因此，像這樣產出豐富知識的學術溫床與環境，自然必須採用更高的標準才能撰寫出一篇傑出的學術論文。這些標準不僅嚴格，也很難任意改變。畢竟，所謂「嚴謹」，就是精確的表達與穩定的品質，這樣的觀念不論是用在思考或是寫作方面，都必須引以為鑑。藉由課堂討論的方式，可激發腦中從未探索過的思緒與環結，像這樣具有積極建設性的評論與溝通，可望喚醒沈睡中的天才，引導創造出源源不絕的獨創想法。
This is the theory, anyway, behind “academic rigor.” By pushing and pushing, it is hoped that brains become fully engaged, enhancing the climate of thought on a campus. In reality, sometimes the only result is people with headaches. Still, the hope endures that students, such as you, can be persuaded to turn in papers marked by intellectual rigor. The greater hope is that you will become so conditioned to thinking rigorously that deep thought, thorough research, and clear expression will develop into lifelong habits.
以上見解，是「學術嚴謹」存在的背後理論，主要希望學生在不斷督促之下可更加積極思考，推廣校園的學術風氣。當然，在現實生活中，這樣的督促往往讓學生更加頭痛而有苦難言。但是，我仍希望所有的學生，包括您自己，都能夠寫出堪稱嚴謹的論文。我更加期許大家應以嚴謹思考的方式自律，養成終身學習的好習慣，包括：深入的思考、透徹的研究以及清晰的表達。
Last Update at 2012-04-06 AM 10:56 | 0 Comments
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 4: Organize and group the material and outline the paper 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之四：分類資料並勾勒論文大綱
2011-02-17
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 4 – Organize and group the material and outline the paper
技巧四：分類資料並勾勒論文大綱
At this point, the author of an academic paper should have chosen a subject and thesis and thoroughly researched it. The author also should have determined what format is required for the paper by the assigning professor, and made certain that enough information has been gathered to satisfy citation requirements. Now it is time to create the structure of the paper.
在這個準備階段，作者應已選定研究主題，根據研究論點搜集許多相關資料，並且作者也應已確定指導教授要求的論文格式，妥善準備證明與證據。一切準備就緒後，現在就讓我們進入論文的架構。
An academic paper is built around the thesis. Every point made in the paper should support the argument voiced in the thesis. Every statement should be a brick in the argument’s foundation. Every assertion should, directly or indirectly, lead the reader to the conclusion summarized in the thesis. (Conversely, if a point has the potential to lead a reader astray, it should be discarded.)
論文是根據論點來架構內容，每一個論點背後皆需要有支持理論的證據，也就是說，每個引據、每個證明，就像是磚塊需一層層堆砌起來，才能穩固論點存在的基礎。每一項研究主張都應該以直接或間接的方式，逐步、清楚的引導讀者進入論文總結 (相反的，若是論點的發展將可能誤導讀者、迷失論文重點，作者就應當機立斷，捨棄這個方向)。
The collected material should be organized, a process that probably began during the collection stage. The material should be arranged by function—for example, introductory material near the top of the list. It also should be grouped according to sub-topic or supporting evidence. This grouping process will reveal any areas of argumentation that are weak and need more research.
所有收集的資料都要進入整理過程。資料根據不同功能進行分類。例如，介紹、敘述方面的資料，就應放置於資料庫的最前面。進而，作者可以次主題或不同的支持論證進行第二層分類。這樣分群分類的過程，將有助於掌控現有資訊，是否那些論證薄弱，或者那些方面需要加入更多資訊。
Next comes the outlining of the paper. While the grouped material might suggest an outline, a set of facts can be employed in more than one way. A paper on Copernicus, for example, might chronologically relate his solar system studies, or it might juxtapose his various discoveries with the misconceptions of his peers. Facts are not malleable, but they are moveable.
接下來進入勾勒論文綱要。從分類的資訊所引導出來的脈絡來看，或許已透露出大綱的輪廓。然而，同樣的事實論據卻可應用於不同的需求與情境。舉例來說，同樣是以哥白尼的研究為主題，有的人會以時間順序與他的太陽運行學說為研究方向；有的人也可能以不同於那個時代的觀點與角度切入研究。所以，事實盡管無法改變，它卻可在你的論文中隨需求調整合適的位置。
A professor may suggest a structure for a paper, but usually only in general terms. The content of the paper, as a result of research, ultimately decides the most effective structure. This might be a narrative approach. Or it could be a side-by-side comparison, or a sequential presentation of evidence. In every case, the goal is to assemble the facts into a convincing final argument.
指導教授或許會要求論文的架構，但通常指的是大方向的論文結構。事實上，論文內容將因研究方向的不同，而產生獨特的架構組合。不論是以敘述的手法表現，或是集合所有論點進行比較，或是一系列論據的呈現等等，在每一件論文作品中，首重目的在於有效整合論據並提出令人信服的論點。
Before writing begins, purposefully evaluate the chosen outline. Ask questions. Does it function convincingly? Does it stay on course in support of the thesis? Is it logical and comprehendible? Does it sail from introduction to conclusion without running aground somewhere? Can it be strengthened by alteration, or addition? Be sure. The outline becomes the blueprint for the paper.
在撰寫論文之前，仔細檢視確定好的綱要，好好回答下列的問題：這樣的內容鋪陳具有說服力嗎? 這些論據有成功的佐證論點嗎? 內容符合邏輯且容易瞭解嗎? 從介紹到結論的閱讀過程中，有正確引導讀者、不使讀者迷失困惑嗎? 論文是否還有再加強或再修改的空間與必要? 一定要確實檢視上列問題。 別忘了，綱要是論文寫作成功的重要藍圖。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 4 – Organize and group the material and outline the paper
技巧四：分類資料並勾勒論文大綱
At this point, the author of an academic paper should have chosen a subject and thesis and thoroughly researched it. The author also should have determined what format is required for the paper by the assigning professor, and made certain that enough information has been gathered to satisfy citation requirements. Now it is time to create the structure of the paper.
在這個準備階段，作者應已選定研究主題，根據研究論點搜集許多相關資料，並且作者也應已確定指導教授要求的論文格式，妥善準備證明與證據。一切準備就緒後，現在就讓我們進入論文的架構。
An academic paper is built around the thesis. Every point made in the paper should support the argument voiced in the thesis. Every statement should be a brick in the argument’s foundation. Every assertion should, directly or indirectly, lead the reader to the conclusion summarized in the thesis. (Conversely, if a point has the potential to lead a reader astray, it should be discarded.)
論文是根據論點來架構內容，每一個論點背後皆需要有支持理論的證據，也就是說，每個引據、每個證明，就像是磚塊需一層層堆砌起來，才能穩固論點存在的基礎。每一項研究主張都應該以直接或間接的方式，逐步、清楚的引導讀者進入論文總結 (相反的，若是論點的發展將可能誤導讀者、迷失論文重點，作者就應當機立斷，捨棄這個方向)。
The collected material should be organized, a process that probably began during the collection stage. The material should be arranged by function—for example, introductory material near the top of the list. It also should be grouped according to sub-topic or supporting evidence. This grouping process will reveal any areas of argumentation that are weak and need more research.
所有收集的資料都要進入整理過程。資料根據不同功能進行分類。例如，介紹、敘述方面的資料，就應放置於資料庫的最前面。進而，作者可以次主題或不同的支持論證進行第二層分類。這樣分群分類的過程，將有助於掌控現有資訊，是否那些論證薄弱，或者那些方面需要加入更多資訊。
Next comes the outlining of the paper. While the grouped material might suggest an outline, a set of facts can be employed in more than one way. A paper on Copernicus, for example, might chronologically relate his solar system studies, or it might juxtapose his various discoveries with the misconceptions of his peers. Facts are not malleable, but they are moveable.
接下來進入勾勒論文綱要。從分類的資訊所引導出來的脈絡來看，或許已透露出大綱的輪廓。然而，同樣的事實論據卻可應用於不同的需求與情境。舉例來說，同樣是以哥白尼的研究為主題，有的人會以時間順序與他的太陽運行學說為研究方向；有的人也可能以不同於那個時代的觀點與角度切入研究。所以，事實盡管無法改變，它卻可在你的論文中隨需求調整合適的位置。
A professor may suggest a structure for a paper, but usually only in general terms. The content of the paper, as a result of research, ultimately decides the most effective structure. This might be a narrative approach. Or it could be a side-by-side comparison, or a sequential presentation of evidence. In every case, the goal is to assemble the facts into a convincing final argument.
指導教授或許會要求論文的架構，但通常指的是大方向的論文結構。事實上，論文內容將因研究方向的不同，而產生獨特的架構組合。不論是以敘述的手法表現，或是集合所有論點進行比較，或是一系列論據的呈現等等，在每一件論文作品中，首重目的在於有效整合論據並提出令人信服的論點。
Before writing begins, purposefully evaluate the chosen outline. Ask questions. Does it function convincingly? Does it stay on course in support of the thesis? Is it logical and comprehendible? Does it sail from introduction to conclusion without running aground somewhere? Can it be strengthened by alteration, or addition? Be sure. The outline becomes the blueprint for the paper.
在撰寫論文之前，仔細檢視確定好的綱要，好好回答下列的問題：這樣的內容鋪陳具有說服力嗎? 這些論據有成功的佐證論點嗎? 內容符合邏輯且容易瞭解嗎? 從介紹到結論的閱讀過程中，有正確引導讀者、不使讀者迷失困惑嗎? 論文是否還有再加強或再修改的空間與必要? 一定要確實檢視上列問題。 別忘了，綱要是論文寫作成功的重要藍圖。
Last Update at 2012-04-06 AM 10:58 | 0 Comments
Professor Pedantic 教授的考究學問
2011-02-16
TPS的編輯教授在此歡迎關於學術文章的所有詢問，當然，其實他並沒有足夠的時間給你。他擁有終身教職的教授身份，也是著名的學術巨作作者。即便如此，他仍大方地接受你們的詢問。將關於學術方面的詢問寫在下方，你將獲得教授的親自指導，陶冶對學術的探索與啟發。
The professor awaits your query on academic writing, though in all honesty, he doesn’t have a lot of time for you. He is a tenured full professor and working on yet another magnificent academic tome. Even so, he has graciously consented to entertain your question. Submit it and prepare to be edified.
QUESTION: I got a poor grade on my first academic paper because my instructor said I never was able to “make my point.” I thought I made it pretty well, but apparently not. I’m wondering how I can “make my point” more effectively. Can you tell me, or is this something I need to try to figure out myself?
我交出首次完成的學術論文，但卻得到很低的分數，我的指導教授說我總是沒能完整的"說出重點"。我覺得我有寫到重點，但顯然沒達到教授的標準。我不斷的猜想，到底我該如何更精確的講出重點呢? 請問TPS教授是否能告訴我方法，或者，有什麼是我可以自己找出解答的方向呢?
What’s your point? I’m not being entirely facetious: Your question is so broad and wandering that it almost is pointless. Without even trying, you have illustrated your instructor’s complaint. I am wondering how you made it this far in your academic life without learning how to write a meaningful declarative sentence. I am willing to help you, but I must insist that you be prepared to assert yourself intellectually. Failure to do so will almost assuredly continue to earn you poor grades.
你問的重點是什麼呢? 我不是在開玩笑挖苦你，你的問題很廣泛而且有點雜亂，我幾乎不知道問題所在。我反倒覺得你沒試著說出問題重點，而只是轉述你的指導教授的抱怨與評論。我不禁冒出一個想法，若沒有認真鑽研如何寫出有意義的句子，在漫漫的學術生涯中又怎麼挺得過種種困難? 我非常願意幫助你，但我需強烈建議你必須在知識的學習與追求上更加把勁。若不這麼做，可能未來還是只能繼續拿低分。
“Making a point” in an academic paper is like point-making in any other endeavor. How do you make a point on a pencil? Using a sharp blade or sharpener, you carve away the wood surrounding the lead and then some of the lead itself until the pencil’s functional core is laid bare. Similarly, the point of an academic paper is made by eliminating the detritus of your research until the nub of your argument remains. You then state the point, substantiate it, blunt counterpoints and restate the point in conclusion.
學術文章強調的"說出重點"，就如同在其它領域努力找重點是一樣的道理。想想看，你通常怎麼做才能將鉛筆削尖一點? 你可以使用削刀或是削鉛筆機，一步步將鉛筆筆心外圍的木頭削去，讓筆尖自然成形。同樣的，學術論文的重點在於將研究過程中瑣碎的資訊捨棄，去蕪存菁直到留下唯一的重要論點。於此同時，你便能充滿自信的提出這個論點，用相關佐證來證明它，直言不諱的闡述你發現的論點，進而在結論處重申論點的重要性。
In short, the point of your paper is your central argument. It is why the paper is written. Without a clearly stated argument – that is, a point – you have no paper. Your instructor is looking for a reasoned and sustainable argument that is convincing in its presentation and supportable in its citations. Making a point is, first, an intellectual process. In scholarly writing, it combines intellectual and composition skills. If you are a scholar, think like one and your papers will reflect it.
總之，找出論文重點是你的核心要務。這也是論文產生的主要目的。若沒有明確清楚的論點，也就是沒有"重點"，就不可能有論文。你的指導教授必定會在你的論文中，找出有意義、可靠且可讓人信服的論點，以及是否存在足以支持論點的引據。所以，找出重點，便是你首要且必要花心思與努力去研究的過程。想要寫好學術文章，你需要具備高度的智慧以及傑出的撰寫技巧。將自己想像是一位學者的身份，進而試著以學者的立場思考，那麼你的論文方向與重點，很快就能呼之欲出了。
The professor awaits your query on academic writing, though in all honesty, he doesn’t have a lot of time for you. He is a tenured full professor and working on yet another magnificent academic tome. Even so, he has graciously consented to entertain your question. Submit it and prepare to be edified.
QUESTION: I got a poor grade on my first academic paper because my instructor said I never was able to “make my point.” I thought I made it pretty well, but apparently not. I’m wondering how I can “make my point” more effectively. Can you tell me, or is this something I need to try to figure out myself?
我交出首次完成的學術論文，但卻得到很低的分數，我的指導教授說我總是沒能完整的"說出重點"。我覺得我有寫到重點，但顯然沒達到教授的標準。我不斷的猜想，到底我該如何更精確的講出重點呢? 請問TPS教授是否能告訴我方法，或者，有什麼是我可以自己找出解答的方向呢?
What’s your point? I’m not being entirely facetious: Your question is so broad and wandering that it almost is pointless. Without even trying, you have illustrated your instructor’s complaint. I am wondering how you made it this far in your academic life without learning how to write a meaningful declarative sentence. I am willing to help you, but I must insist that you be prepared to assert yourself intellectually. Failure to do so will almost assuredly continue to earn you poor grades.
你問的重點是什麼呢? 我不是在開玩笑挖苦你，你的問題很廣泛而且有點雜亂，我幾乎不知道問題所在。我反倒覺得你沒試著說出問題重點，而只是轉述你的指導教授的抱怨與評論。我不禁冒出一個想法，若沒有認真鑽研如何寫出有意義的句子，在漫漫的學術生涯中又怎麼挺得過種種困難? 我非常願意幫助你，但我需強烈建議你必須在知識的學習與追求上更加把勁。若不這麼做，可能未來還是只能繼續拿低分。
“Making a point” in an academic paper is like point-making in any other endeavor. How do you make a point on a pencil? Using a sharp blade or sharpener, you carve away the wood surrounding the lead and then some of the lead itself until the pencil’s functional core is laid bare. Similarly, the point of an academic paper is made by eliminating the detritus of your research until the nub of your argument remains. You then state the point, substantiate it, blunt counterpoints and restate the point in conclusion.
學術文章強調的"說出重點"，就如同在其它領域努力找重點是一樣的道理。想想看，你通常怎麼做才能將鉛筆削尖一點? 你可以使用削刀或是削鉛筆機，一步步將鉛筆筆心外圍的木頭削去，讓筆尖自然成形。同樣的，學術論文的重點在於將研究過程中瑣碎的資訊捨棄，去蕪存菁直到留下唯一的重要論點。於此同時，你便能充滿自信的提出這個論點，用相關佐證來證明它，直言不諱的闡述你發現的論點，進而在結論處重申論點的重要性。
In short, the point of your paper is your central argument. It is why the paper is written. Without a clearly stated argument – that is, a point – you have no paper. Your instructor is looking for a reasoned and sustainable argument that is convincing in its presentation and supportable in its citations. Making a point is, first, an intellectual process. In scholarly writing, it combines intellectual and composition skills. If you are a scholar, think like one and your papers will reflect it.
總之，找出論文重點是你的核心要務。這也是論文產生的主要目的。若沒有明確清楚的論點，也就是沒有"重點"，就不可能有論文。你的指導教授必定會在你的論文中，找出有意義、可靠且可讓人信服的論點，以及是否存在足以支持論點的引據。所以，找出重點，便是你首要且必要花心思與努力去研究的過程。想要寫好學術文章，你需要具備高度的智慧以及傑出的撰寫技巧。將自己想像是一位學者的身份，進而試著以學者的立場思考，那麼你的論文方向與重點，很快就能呼之欲出了。
Last Update at 2012-04-06 AM 10:58 | 0 Comments
This is not academic writing 學術文章不是這麼寫的
2011-02-11
並非所有與學術議題相關的文章，就能稱之為「學術文章」。本篇專欄將節錄不同學術議題的內容，分析常見的寫作錯誤，並分享潤修與寫作的技巧。
Not all articles written on academic topics are written in proper academic English. In this "This is not academic writing" column we examine short excerpts from academic texts to illustrate common writing errors and explain how to correct them.
Unacceptable 不被認可的文章
“Social scientists have come up with conflict theories to explain how social order and disorder are related to drug use. The theories aren’t amazingly original. The scientists blame stress, tension and just plain being without—conditions commonly found in bad communities, or in poor and downtrodden regions. Sick to death of it all or afraid of dying, residents of such areas push what sometimes are called their ‘life chances.”
The previous paragraph contains language that is not appropriate in an academic setting: (1) It communicates imprecisely and informally; (2) Its conversational phrases are objectionable—phrases such as “come up with” and “sick to death.” That is lounge talk; (3) “Aren’t” is an inadvisable contraction; (4) Vague adjectives such as “bad” and “poor” and “downtrodden” weaken sentences by muddying meaning; (5) One sentence—“The theories aren’t amazingly original”—is an unsubstantiated aside from the author; (6) Finally, the term “life chances” is not attributed to anyone even though it is quoted. This is a subpar effort. The correct version of the paper’s excerpt appears below.
這段文章之中，從學術文章的角度來看，出現許多不適宜的寫法： (1) 句中傳達的句意不精確且寫法不正式；(2) 口語化詞句，如 “come up with” 及“sick to death”，如此會話的口吻，無法為此篇文章產生任何正面評價；(3) 正式文章中不宜使用如“Aren’t”這樣的縮寫；(4) 模糊、抽象的形容詞，如 “bad”，“poor” 和 “downtrodden”，無法為句意增色，只是讓句意的表達更加混亂無章；(5) 此句“The theories aren’t amazingly original”，作者在文中並未提具事實根據；(6) 最後出現的詞組“life chances”，這個詞組並不是屬於任何人的，即便它是註有引號的"引言"。這篇文章的品質並不理想。此段文章編輯潤飾後內容，刊登如下。
Acceptable 認可的文章
“Social scientists have constructed conflict theories to explain how social order and disorder influence the rates of drug use. The pertinent theories are keyed to stress, tension and deprivation—conditions commonly found in dysfunctional communities, or in impoverished and politically repressed regions. Encumbered with despair or desperate to survive, residents of such areas tragically try to realize their ‘life chances,’ the phrase that German sociologist Max Weber used to describe a person’s individual opportunities.”
Not all articles written on academic topics are written in proper academic English. In this "This is not academic writing" column we examine short excerpts from academic texts to illustrate common writing errors and explain how to correct them.
Unacceptable 不被認可的文章
“Social scientists have come up with conflict theories to explain how social order and disorder are related to drug use. The theories aren’t amazingly original. The scientists blame stress, tension and just plain being without—conditions commonly found in bad communities, or in poor and downtrodden regions. Sick to death of it all or afraid of dying, residents of such areas push what sometimes are called their ‘life chances.”
The previous paragraph contains language that is not appropriate in an academic setting: (1) It communicates imprecisely and informally; (2) Its conversational phrases are objectionable—phrases such as “come up with” and “sick to death.” That is lounge talk; (3) “Aren’t” is an inadvisable contraction; (4) Vague adjectives such as “bad” and “poor” and “downtrodden” weaken sentences by muddying meaning; (5) One sentence—“The theories aren’t amazingly original”—is an unsubstantiated aside from the author; (6) Finally, the term “life chances” is not attributed to anyone even though it is quoted. This is a subpar effort. The correct version of the paper’s excerpt appears below.
這段文章之中，從學術文章的角度來看，出現許多不適宜的寫法： (1) 句中傳達的句意不精確且寫法不正式；(2) 口語化詞句，如 “come up with” 及“sick to death”，如此會話的口吻，無法為此篇文章產生任何正面評價；(3) 正式文章中不宜使用如“Aren’t”這樣的縮寫；(4) 模糊、抽象的形容詞，如 “bad”，“poor” 和 “downtrodden”，無法為句意增色，只是讓句意的表達更加混亂無章；(5) 此句“The theories aren’t amazingly original”，作者在文中並未提具事實根據；(6) 最後出現的詞組“life chances”，這個詞組並不是屬於任何人的，即便它是註有引號的"引言"。這篇文章的品質並不理想。此段文章編輯潤飾後內容，刊登如下。
Acceptable 認可的文章
“Social scientists have constructed conflict theories to explain how social order and disorder influence the rates of drug use. The pertinent theories are keyed to stress, tension and deprivation—conditions commonly found in dysfunctional communities, or in impoverished and politically repressed regions. Encumbered with despair or desperate to survive, residents of such areas tragically try to realize their ‘life chances,’ the phrase that German sociologist Max Weber used to describe a person’s individual opportunities.”
Last Update at 2012-04-06 AM 10:59 | 0 Comments
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 3: Identify correct format and style for your paper 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之三：論文書寫格式與風格
2011-01-13
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 3 –Identify correct format and style for your paper
技巧三：論文書寫格式與風格
Every academic writer hopes to have a paper published and widely read within the academic community. While that is a reasonable hope, it can be a distracting one during a paper’s planning and composition. A paper need satisfy just one reader for success: the classroom instructor who assigned the paper. Failure to pass the muster of that professor precludes broader acceptance.
每位作者都期望論文作品能成功刊登於國際期刊，並受到學界的廣泛閱覽。雖說這是一個合理的期望，在論文計畫與構思的過程中，它卻也容易分散你的注意力。其實，論文只需要滿足一位讀者就可視為成功，那位讀者就是：給予你論文題目的課堂教授。教授通常會整理出論文不被接受的普遍原則，以自身經驗告訴你，你的論文可被接受或是會被拒絕。
In terms of format and style, this is not as arbitrary as it sounds. The mechanical presentation of a paper is governed largely by universal sets of rules. Individual professors can, and do, slightly tweak the rules to satisfy professional preferences. However, the common rules work to the advantage of all writers by giving to each a uniform structure for presentation of material.
談到格式與風格，其實沒有字面上看來那麼嚴格。學界公認的法則規範了論文制式的呈現方式。教授不但可以，並且能夠微調規範，以表現該學術專業領域偏好的論文形式。然而，透過論文制式呈現的架構，的確讓許多作者獲得普遍正確書寫的原則與優勢。
So at the outset, the author of a paper must be certain about what format or style is required—not suggested—by the assigning professor. If the class instructor glances at a submitted paper and returns it to the author, it is certain the author has failed to follow a professor’s formatting and stylistic instructions. Before content can be evaluated, presentation of the material is evaluated.
所以一開始，論文作者必須瞭解課堂教授期望論文必備，非選備，的格式與風格。倘若教授對你遞交的論文一瞥後就直接退回，很明顯的，作者並未按照教授所要求的格式與風格來撰寫。在評論你的論文內容前，論文的呈現已第一步被打了分數。
Several styles are used across academia. Some familiar ones include the Modern Language Association (MLA), which is popular in liberal arts and humanities writing; the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago), which has more general usage; the American Psychological Association (APA), for social sciences; and the Council of Science Editors (CSE), for scientific papers.
寫作風格用於不同的學術領域。舉例來說，學界所熟悉的「美國現代語言學會寫作手冊」(Modern Language Association ,MLA)在人文學科領域廣泛採用；「芝加哥格式手冊」(Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago)詳述完整格式規範與細節；「美國心理學會寫作手冊」 (American Psychological Association, APA)是社會科學領域普遍採用的格式；「科學編輯委員會」(Council of Science Editors , CSE)主要用在科學領域。
The different styles can vary in their citation requirements and formatting. The writer of a paper must know which style is assigned. Example of differences: The MLA does not require a title page—but the professor might anyway; the APA generally requires a title page, which should be numbered 1; whereas in Chicago usage, if a title page is included, it should not be numbered 1.
不同寫作風格，引述與引用的條件與格式也不同，作者必須清楚自己遵循的是那一類風格。舉例來說，MLA不需要標題頁(封面)－不過，或許你的教授會需要；APA一般是需要標題頁，通常在第一頁；而Chicago若放標題頁，則大多不是第一頁。
In-text citations also vary. They range from MLA’s strict use of authors’ names and publication data in parenthesis to CSE’s less complicated use of numbers that link to a reference section. From an academic writer’s point of view, there is no best way to format and cite. There is only the required way, as assigned by an individual professor. Carefully heed such instructions.
引述與引用寫法也各異。MLA在引述作者與作品名稱方面相當嚴謹；CSE強調參考文獻數字需清楚明確標示等等。從論文作者的觀點來看，沒有完美的格式與寫法，只有被課堂教授需求、要求的寫法。作者們務必謹慎留心教授對文體格式的要求與期望。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 3 –Identify correct format and style for your paper
技巧三：論文書寫格式與風格
Every academic writer hopes to have a paper published and widely read within the academic community. While that is a reasonable hope, it can be a distracting one during a paper’s planning and composition. A paper need satisfy just one reader for success: the classroom instructor who assigned the paper. Failure to pass the muster of that professor precludes broader acceptance.
每位作者都期望論文作品能成功刊登於國際期刊，並受到學界的廣泛閱覽。雖說這是一個合理的期望，在論文計畫與構思的過程中，它卻也容易分散你的注意力。其實，論文只需要滿足一位讀者就可視為成功，那位讀者就是：給予你論文題目的課堂教授。教授通常會整理出論文不被接受的普遍原則，以自身經驗告訴你，你的論文可被接受或是會被拒絕。
In terms of format and style, this is not as arbitrary as it sounds. The mechanical presentation of a paper is governed largely by universal sets of rules. Individual professors can, and do, slightly tweak the rules to satisfy professional preferences. However, the common rules work to the advantage of all writers by giving to each a uniform structure for presentation of material.
談到格式與風格，其實沒有字面上看來那麼嚴格。學界公認的法則規範了論文制式的呈現方式。教授不但可以，並且能夠微調規範，以表現該學術專業領域偏好的論文形式。然而，透過論文制式呈現的架構，的確讓許多作者獲得普遍正確書寫的原則與優勢。
So at the outset, the author of a paper must be certain about what format or style is required—not suggested—by the assigning professor. If the class instructor glances at a submitted paper and returns it to the author, it is certain the author has failed to follow a professor’s formatting and stylistic instructions. Before content can be evaluated, presentation of the material is evaluated.
所以一開始，論文作者必須瞭解課堂教授期望論文必備，非選備，的格式與風格。倘若教授對你遞交的論文一瞥後就直接退回，很明顯的，作者並未按照教授所要求的格式與風格來撰寫。在評論你的論文內容前，論文的呈現已第一步被打了分數。
Several styles are used across academia. Some familiar ones include the Modern Language Association (MLA), which is popular in liberal arts and humanities writing; the Chicago Manual of Style (Chicago), which has more general usage; the American Psychological Association (APA), for social sciences; and the Council of Science Editors (CSE), for scientific papers.
寫作風格用於不同的學術領域。舉例來說，學界所熟悉的「美國現代語言學會寫作手冊」(Modern Language Association ,MLA)在人文學科領域廣泛採用；「芝加哥格式手冊」(Chicago Manual of Style, Chicago)詳述完整格式規範與細節；「美國心理學會寫作手冊」 (American Psychological Association, APA)是社會科學領域普遍採用的格式；「科學編輯委員會」(Council of Science Editors , CSE)主要用在科學領域。
The different styles can vary in their citation requirements and formatting. The writer of a paper must know which style is assigned. Example of differences: The MLA does not require a title page—but the professor might anyway; the APA generally requires a title page, which should be numbered 1; whereas in Chicago usage, if a title page is included, it should not be numbered 1.
不同寫作風格，引述與引用的條件與格式也不同，作者必須清楚自己遵循的是那一類風格。舉例來說，MLA不需要標題頁(封面)－不過，或許你的教授會需要；APA一般是需要標題頁，通常在第一頁；而Chicago若放標題頁，則大多不是第一頁。
In-text citations also vary. They range from MLA’s strict use of authors’ names and publication data in parenthesis to CSE’s less complicated use of numbers that link to a reference section. From an academic writer’s point of view, there is no best way to format and cite. There is only the required way, as assigned by an individual professor. Carefully heed such instructions.
引述與引用寫法也各異。MLA在引述作者與作品名稱方面相當嚴謹；CSE強調參考文獻數字需清楚明確標示等等。從論文作者的觀點來看，沒有完美的格式與寫法，只有被課堂教授需求、要求的寫法。作者們務必謹慎留心教授對文體格式的要求與期望。
Last Update at 2012-04-03 AM 10:30 | 0 Comments
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 2: Research your topic 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之二：研究選定主題
2011-01-06
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 2 – Research your topic
技巧二：研究選定主題
Papers written for university faculty members have a higher threshold for acceptance than do papers at lower levels. They must be more sophisticated in their approach to a topic, more complex in their argumentation, more convincing in their conclusion. Students comfortable with padding text, slyly using larger fonts, and cribbing the work of others should discard the tricks.
碩博士論文獲得認可的門檻比一般學術文章來得嚴格，包括精確的主題，細膩的論證，以及具說服力的結論等等。學生們必須摒除以往寫作的不良習慣，像是贅詞充斥、字體加大、節錄相關論文超量等等。
The place to start forming good habits in the writing of academic papers is before the writing begins. Exacting research is the foundation of an acceptable paper. It is in this process that the structure of an argument is gathered and the weight of evidence is toted up. Building anything—whether house or academic paper—is greatly facilitated by having the materials for building it.
開始論文寫作的第一步，是培養正確的寫作習慣。嚴謹的研究是學術論文的基礎，過程包括建立論點的架構以及引導論證的重要性。不論是建造房屋或是寫作論文，都必須具備好的建材與題材才能算是準備就緒。
This is not possible to do, however, if the author of the paper doesn’t leave enough time. A serious writer does not wait until the last moment to begin researching a paper. That is like waiting until a few days before a concert to rehearse the music. Sometimes the music is more difficult than anticipated—or a topic more complex than imagined. Leave time to do the work.
一旦沒有預留足夠的時間，是很難在短時間內成就一篇好的論文。負責任的作者不會等到最後一刻才開始花時間研究、尋找題材。就如同音樂會即將演奏之際才開始進行演練，其演出成果之拙劣恐難預料；對學術論文來說，主題的專業與複雜度更超乎一般人想像。所以，預留充裕時間撰寫論文，是很重要的。
Begin your exploration with focused intent, but an open mind. At the outset of your search, do not dismiss as unimportant any reasonably pertinent found information. Until the parameters of an argument have been firmly established, relevant material should be saved. Weeding of the information and categorizing of the best of it can follow as the focus of the paper sharpens.
研究主題時，除了專注，同時要保持開放態度。搜集資訊過程中，不要草率放棄任何相關主題的資訊。在論點尚未得到完整論據的支持作為後盾之前，相關資訊都應保留下來。當題材搜集就緒後，才進行資訊增刪分類、去蕪存菁的階段。
Be purposeful in conducting the research. The essential goal is to uncover substantive, factual material that affirms your argument. But material that undermines the argument also should be consciously noted so that it can be refuted or offset by other evidence. Always select sources that will withstand academic scrutiny, and always gather firm evidence that is difficult to dispute.
研究過程中需要果斷力。研究目的在於找出真憑實據以支持你的論點。當警覺到某個發現將削弱你的論點時，必須找出相對應的論據加以反駁。永遠記住對於搜尋的資訊要詳細的驗證，力求牢不可破的實據。
Take notes during a search that truly will inform on subsequent reading. Cryptic notes can later mislead or baffle the researcher. Double-check citations to ensure they are accurately recorded. Roughly categorize the material as it is collected for easier access when outlining the paper. Finally, step back, look for weak points and, if necessary, search for final, buttressing material.
勤作筆記能幫助閱讀大量搜集資訊時的資料彙整，但含糊的筆記將誤導、阻礙研究者的研究方向與成果。重覆檢查節錄的引言確保引據正確無誤；資訊概略的分類有助於勾勒論文綱要。最後，記得再次驗證薄弱的論點，有必要時，再搜證一次以獲得最完整的論據支持。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 2 – Research your topic
技巧二：研究選定主題
Papers written for university faculty members have a higher threshold for acceptance than do papers at lower levels. They must be more sophisticated in their approach to a topic, more complex in their argumentation, more convincing in their conclusion. Students comfortable with padding text, slyly using larger fonts, and cribbing the work of others should discard the tricks.
碩博士論文獲得認可的門檻比一般學術文章來得嚴格，包括精確的主題，細膩的論證，以及具說服力的結論等等。學生們必須摒除以往寫作的不良習慣，像是贅詞充斥、字體加大、節錄相關論文超量等等。
The place to start forming good habits in the writing of academic papers is before the writing begins. Exacting research is the foundation of an acceptable paper. It is in this process that the structure of an argument is gathered and the weight of evidence is toted up. Building anything—whether house or academic paper—is greatly facilitated by having the materials for building it.
開始論文寫作的第一步，是培養正確的寫作習慣。嚴謹的研究是學術論文的基礎，過程包括建立論點的架構以及引導論證的重要性。不論是建造房屋或是寫作論文，都必須具備好的建材與題材才能算是準備就緒。
This is not possible to do, however, if the author of the paper doesn’t leave enough time. A serious writer does not wait until the last moment to begin researching a paper. That is like waiting until a few days before a concert to rehearse the music. Sometimes the music is more difficult than anticipated—or a topic more complex than imagined. Leave time to do the work.
一旦沒有預留足夠的時間，是很難在短時間內成就一篇好的論文。負責任的作者不會等到最後一刻才開始花時間研究、尋找題材。就如同音樂會即將演奏之際才開始進行演練，其演出成果之拙劣恐難預料；對學術論文來說，主題的專業與複雜度更超乎一般人想像。所以，預留充裕時間撰寫論文，是很重要的。
Begin your exploration with focused intent, but an open mind. At the outset of your search, do not dismiss as unimportant any reasonably pertinent found information. Until the parameters of an argument have been firmly established, relevant material should be saved. Weeding of the information and categorizing of the best of it can follow as the focus of the paper sharpens.
研究主題時，除了專注，同時要保持開放態度。搜集資訊過程中，不要草率放棄任何相關主題的資訊。在論點尚未得到完整論據的支持作為後盾之前，相關資訊都應保留下來。當題材搜集就緒後，才進行資訊增刪分類、去蕪存菁的階段。
Be purposeful in conducting the research. The essential goal is to uncover substantive, factual material that affirms your argument. But material that undermines the argument also should be consciously noted so that it can be refuted or offset by other evidence. Always select sources that will withstand academic scrutiny, and always gather firm evidence that is difficult to dispute.
研究過程中需要果斷力。研究目的在於找出真憑實據以支持你的論點。當警覺到某個發現將削弱你的論點時，必須找出相對應的論據加以反駁。永遠記住對於搜尋的資訊要詳細的驗證，力求牢不可破的實據。
Take notes during a search that truly will inform on subsequent reading. Cryptic notes can later mislead or baffle the researcher. Double-check citations to ensure they are accurately recorded. Roughly categorize the material as it is collected for easier access when outlining the paper. Finally, step back, look for weak points and, if necessary, search for final, buttressing material.
勤作筆記能幫助閱讀大量搜集資訊時的資料彙整，但含糊的筆記將誤導、阻礙研究者的研究方向與成果。重覆檢查節錄的引言確保引據正確無誤；資訊概略的分類有助於勾勒論文綱要。最後，記得再次驗證薄弱的論點，有必要時，再搜證一次以獲得最完整的論據支持。
Last Update at 2012-04-06 AM 11:01 | 0 Comments
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