12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 9: Creating acceptable footnotes, endnotes, references and bibliographies 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之九：善用註腳、附註、參考文獻以及書目
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 9–Creating acceptable footnotes, endnotes, references and bibliographies
技巧九：善用註腳、附註、參考文獻以及書目
The paper is written! Take a bow. A break is deserved after all the work of researching, outlining, and writing a scholarly composition. However, even though pre-writing and writing stages of the paper are complete, the post-writing phase is just beginning. Like the finishing stage of any creative work, post-writing can, through carelessness, spoil all that preceded it.
論文終於寫完了！準備好下台一鞠躬吧。經過學術寫作過程中不斷研究、確立方向、撰寫論文之後，你的確該給自己放個大假！然而，論文的前置準備與寫作階段雖然結束，最後收尾的重頭戲才正要開始。就像所有創作一樣，若瞻前不顧後、虎頭蛇尾，草率收尾的結果，將會抹煞之前所有努力。
Several final-stage tasks must be satisfactorily undertaken if a paper is to win acceptance. The first of these is the formal attribution of source material to authors and other purveyors. Full credit is given to discoverers of truth, or anyone else whose earlier work enhances a paper, through sequential annotations. These include footnotes, endnotes and bibliographies.
學術寫作的最後階段亦肩負著重要任務，撰寫得宜論文才有機會被採用。論文中必須註明所引述資料的作者資訊與來源。對過去學術成就的事實探索以及歷來具權威性的學術論點，應全數囊括於註解之中，註解的類別包括註腳、附註與書目。
Before beginning writing, a writer should have determined the format required by the assigning professor, e.g. Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or Chicago Style. While several styles are acceptable, they differ in their details. Whichever style is assigned, a writer is expected to work consistently within its framework.
作者於正式開始寫作前，應已先確知指導教授要求的寫作格式，如MLA、APA或Chicago等等。學術界已有數種寫作格式廣為各方學者所使用，主要差別在於各個格式著重的細節不盡相同。不論指定何種格式，作者應依教授要求而保持格式一致。
Each format explains how a writer is to signal the presence of related information in a secondary location. The signaling methods vary. A notation might be parenthetical, or a subscript, or a superscript, and might direct a reader to a footnote, or an endnote. These and other variables in annotation style have to be mastered to avoid confusing a reader or frustrating a professor.
不論選用任何格式，都必須明確記錄作者引用他處的所有資訊。引用的技巧包括，使用引號、利用下標與上標、以及註明註腳或註解等等。作者應熟習不同引用格式的技巧，才能讓讀者與教授不致於感到混淆。
Bibliographical citations also are tightly structured. For example, while an endnote generally is one sentence long, a bibliographical entry often is expected to be three sentences. Furthermore, the familiar Latin abbreviation “ibid”—used to represent a citation identical to one preceding it—no longer is universally acceptable. Familiarity with usages and formats is a key to success.
書目引用方式亦有其嚴格規範。例如，註解通常僅有一句，而書目條列則往往長達三句之多。除此之外，過去常用的拉丁縮寫ibid—意思是該條資料來源與上一條完全一致—現在已不復使用。熟悉用法與格式，將是論文邁向成功的關鍵。
Tightly linking the content of a paper to cited and perused sources is a crucial task, but not a creative one. No imagination is needed. It is a mechanical overlay, a by-the-book consolidation of disparate references and sources that systematically unites the paper. An academic paper with regimented citations earns the paper authority and earns its writer legitimacy as a scholar.
論文內容與參考來源的緊密連結非常重要。這不是創意性的工作，不需發揮想像力，只需一板一眼，專注於機械式的作業過程。也就是說，只需要有系統、有組織的將所有相關書籍的參考資料與來源列示明確即可。學術論文若能善用引用資料，並嚴謹明確列示清楚，則文章將更具權威性，可望立於學者的專業學術地位。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 9–Creating acceptable footnotes, endnotes, references and bibliographies
技巧九：善用註腳、附註、參考文獻以及書目
The paper is written! Take a bow. A break is deserved after all the work of researching, outlining, and writing a scholarly composition. However, even though pre-writing and writing stages of the paper are complete, the post-writing phase is just beginning. Like the finishing stage of any creative work, post-writing can, through carelessness, spoil all that preceded it.
論文終於寫完了！準備好下台一鞠躬吧。經過學術寫作過程中不斷研究、確立方向、撰寫論文之後，你的確該給自己放個大假！然而，論文的前置準備與寫作階段雖然結束，最後收尾的重頭戲才正要開始。就像所有創作一樣，若瞻前不顧後、虎頭蛇尾，草率收尾的結果，將會抹煞之前所有努力。
Several final-stage tasks must be satisfactorily undertaken if a paper is to win acceptance. The first of these is the formal attribution of source material to authors and other purveyors. Full credit is given to discoverers of truth, or anyone else whose earlier work enhances a paper, through sequential annotations. These include footnotes, endnotes and bibliographies.
學術寫作的最後階段亦肩負著重要任務，撰寫得宜論文才有機會被採用。論文中必須註明所引述資料的作者資訊與來源。對過去學術成就的事實探索以及歷來具權威性的學術論點，應全數囊括於註解之中，註解的類別包括註腳、附註與書目。
Before beginning writing, a writer should have determined the format required by the assigning professor, e.g. Modern Language Association (MLA), American Psychological Association (APA), or Chicago Style. While several styles are acceptable, they differ in their details. Whichever style is assigned, a writer is expected to work consistently within its framework.
作者於正式開始寫作前，應已先確知指導教授要求的寫作格式，如MLA、APA或Chicago等等。學術界已有數種寫作格式廣為各方學者所使用，主要差別在於各個格式著重的細節不盡相同。不論指定何種格式，作者應依教授要求而保持格式一致。
Each format explains how a writer is to signal the presence of related information in a secondary location. The signaling methods vary. A notation might be parenthetical, or a subscript, or a superscript, and might direct a reader to a footnote, or an endnote. These and other variables in annotation style have to be mastered to avoid confusing a reader or frustrating a professor.
不論選用任何格式，都必須明確記錄作者引用他處的所有資訊。引用的技巧包括，使用引號、利用下標與上標、以及註明註腳或註解等等。作者應熟習不同引用格式的技巧，才能讓讀者與教授不致於感到混淆。
Bibliographical citations also are tightly structured. For example, while an endnote generally is one sentence long, a bibliographical entry often is expected to be three sentences. Furthermore, the familiar Latin abbreviation “ibid”—used to represent a citation identical to one preceding it—no longer is universally acceptable. Familiarity with usages and formats is a key to success.
書目引用方式亦有其嚴格規範。例如，註解通常僅有一句，而書目條列則往往長達三句之多。除此之外，過去常用的拉丁縮寫ibid—意思是該條資料來源與上一條完全一致—現在已不復使用。熟悉用法與格式，將是論文邁向成功的關鍵。
Tightly linking the content of a paper to cited and perused sources is a crucial task, but not a creative one. No imagination is needed. It is a mechanical overlay, a by-the-book consolidation of disparate references and sources that systematically unites the paper. An academic paper with regimented citations earns the paper authority and earns its writer legitimacy as a scholar.
論文內容與參考來源的緊密連結非常重要。這不是創意性的工作，不需發揮想像力，只需一板一眼，專注於機械式的作業過程。也就是說，只需要有系統、有組織的將所有相關書籍的參考資料與來源列示明確即可。學術論文若能善用引用資料，並嚴謹明確列示清楚，則文章將更具權威性，可望立於學者的專業學術地位。
Posted at 2011-04-28 14:50:42
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