12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 8: The three structural parts of a well-constructed paper 12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之八：完整文章結構三段式
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 8–The three structural parts of a well-constructed paper
技巧八：完整文章結構三段式
Having researched a subject and obtained some mastery of the language, an academic writer can begin to write. The writer’s pre-writing activities are the foundation and the framework for the paper. Without the advance work, a paper will be rickety in its presentation and weak in its material content. No successful academic writer ever writes a paper based on shaky knowledge.
研究好論文主題，掌握好該如何運用適當語言來寫作的要領之後，作者即可準備大展身手。寫作前的準備是撰寫整篇文章的基礎與框架，少了這些工夫，文章結構將變得鬆散，內容也無法經得起學界的考驗。想成為一位傑出的學術論文作者，絕不容許光憑粗略的知識便輕易動筆。
Academic papers share a three-part structure with other conventional written media. Essentially, the paper should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, which usually are referred to as introduction, body, and conclusion. These are fundamental to any attempt at communication. Literature sometimes departs from this model, but academic literature has no such license.
學術論文與許多傳統寫作方式相似，皆主張三段式的文章結構。文章基本上可切分成三個區塊，即起頭、中間與結尾，也就是現今所通稱的前言、正文與結論三個部分。三段式結構是所有意見表達的基本形式。文學作品有時能隨意跳脫這樣的框架，但學術論文則沒有這種隨性與自由。
The introduction should accomplish two tasks: (1) Present the paper’s general subject and (2) present the writer’s distinguishing proposition or thesis on the subject. An example: Were the subject William Shakespeare, the Bard would be introduced with enough detail to fully identify his work. This would be followed by the proposition that Shakespeare was, let’s say, a fraud.
前言所肩負的兩項任務，包括：1. 提出論文大致主題方向。2. 提出對主題獨特見解或論點。舉例來說，若論文主題為莎士比亞，則應準備充足的細節資料完整帶出這位詩人的重要，以便讓讀者充分理解與認識莎士比亞的各部經典作品，接者再提出作者自己的主張，例如可以說，莎士比亞其實是個騙子。
At once, the reader knows where the paper is headed. Its longitude and latitude are yet to be revealed, but its direction is set. In the body of the paper that follows, the writer then presents the rich lode of material supporting the thesis. This main content should flow naturally from a rough outline developed during the research process, in which both mind and materials are organized.
如此，讀者便能得知文章方向，儘管還無法掌握其深度與廣度，大方向已抵定，在接下來的正文中，作者即可提出支持論點的有力佐證。正文大綱應在研究過程中已勾勒出大致方向，而作者的想法與蒐集資訊也已組織完備，正文內容便可呼之欲出，自然而然地呈現出來。
Having effectively presented in the body of the paper the researched and original material, the writer then must conclude. This is not an insignificant section of the paper. It brings together the paper’s key elements in a few sentences, giving the reader a capsule account. This summary and restatement should affirm all that went before and impart confidence in the integrity of the paper.
經過正文的撰寫，有效提出原創研究的結果之後，接著，引導作者進入撰寫結論的階段。結論的撰寫，在整篇論文的地位不容小覷，因為整篇文章的論點與論據，必須巧妙應用幾句話以完整、簡潔地說出重點，讀者也能在此掌握濃縮後的論文精華。結論必須再次闡明前述內容，有力地說服讀者支持與相信文章所述之真實性與價值。
The structure of an academic paper is progressive, yet it is circular, too. After reading the conclusion, a reader should be able to look back to the introduction and consider the paper a promise kept. While each section has a separate function, the three sections are interconnected in their purpose and conviction. An irresolute paper is a failure of scholarship and of structure.
學術論文的結構，看似逐步推展，也是前後呼應。作者應致力於在讀者閱讀完結論並再度回到前言時，依然保持前後文論述與風格一致，使文章合乎一開始讀者閱讀時的理解與期待。儘管三段式內容各有其功能，相互的目的與論證是環環相扣的。作者行文時若立場搖擺不定，所招致的瑕疵與失敗，將足以影響學術文章的重要性與結構性。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 8–The three structural parts of a well-constructed paper
技巧八：完整文章結構三段式
Having researched a subject and obtained some mastery of the language, an academic writer can begin to write. The writer’s pre-writing activities are the foundation and the framework for the paper. Without the advance work, a paper will be rickety in its presentation and weak in its material content. No successful academic writer ever writes a paper based on shaky knowledge.
研究好論文主題，掌握好該如何運用適當語言來寫作的要領之後，作者即可準備大展身手。寫作前的準備是撰寫整篇文章的基礎與框架，少了這些工夫，文章結構將變得鬆散，內容也無法經得起學界的考驗。想成為一位傑出的學術論文作者，絕不容許光憑粗略的知識便輕易動筆。
Academic papers share a three-part structure with other conventional written media. Essentially, the paper should have a beginning, a middle, and an end, which usually are referred to as introduction, body, and conclusion. These are fundamental to any attempt at communication. Literature sometimes departs from this model, but academic literature has no such license.
學術論文與許多傳統寫作方式相似，皆主張三段式的文章結構。文章基本上可切分成三個區塊，即起頭、中間與結尾，也就是現今所通稱的前言、正文與結論三個部分。三段式結構是所有意見表達的基本形式。文學作品有時能隨意跳脫這樣的框架，但學術論文則沒有這種隨性與自由。
The introduction should accomplish two tasks: (1) Present the paper’s general subject and (2) present the writer’s distinguishing proposition or thesis on the subject. An example: Were the subject William Shakespeare, the Bard would be introduced with enough detail to fully identify his work. This would be followed by the proposition that Shakespeare was, let’s say, a fraud.
前言所肩負的兩項任務，包括：1. 提出論文大致主題方向。2. 提出對主題獨特見解或論點。舉例來說，若論文主題為莎士比亞，則應準備充足的細節資料完整帶出這位詩人的重要，以便讓讀者充分理解與認識莎士比亞的各部經典作品，接者再提出作者自己的主張，例如可以說，莎士比亞其實是個騙子。
At once, the reader knows where the paper is headed. Its longitude and latitude are yet to be revealed, but its direction is set. In the body of the paper that follows, the writer then presents the rich lode of material supporting the thesis. This main content should flow naturally from a rough outline developed during the research process, in which both mind and materials are organized.
如此，讀者便能得知文章方向，儘管還無法掌握其深度與廣度，大方向已抵定，在接下來的正文中，作者即可提出支持論點的有力佐證。正文大綱應在研究過程中已勾勒出大致方向，而作者的想法與蒐集資訊也已組織完備，正文內容便可呼之欲出，自然而然地呈現出來。
Having effectively presented in the body of the paper the researched and original material, the writer then must conclude. This is not an insignificant section of the paper. It brings together the paper’s key elements in a few sentences, giving the reader a capsule account. This summary and restatement should affirm all that went before and impart confidence in the integrity of the paper.
經過正文的撰寫，有效提出原創研究的結果之後，接著，引導作者進入撰寫結論的階段。結論的撰寫，在整篇論文的地位不容小覷，因為整篇文章的論點與論據，必須巧妙應用幾句話以完整、簡潔地說出重點，讀者也能在此掌握濃縮後的論文精華。結論必須再次闡明前述內容，有力地說服讀者支持與相信文章所述之真實性與價值。
The structure of an academic paper is progressive, yet it is circular, too. After reading the conclusion, a reader should be able to look back to the introduction and consider the paper a promise kept. While each section has a separate function, the three sections are interconnected in their purpose and conviction. An irresolute paper is a failure of scholarship and of structure.
學術論文的結構，看似逐步推展，也是前後呼應。作者應致力於在讀者閱讀完結論並再度回到前言時，依然保持前後文論述與風格一致，使文章合乎一開始讀者閱讀時的理解與期待。儘管三段式內容各有其功能，相互的目的與論證是環環相扣的。作者行文時若立場搖擺不定，所招致的瑕疵與失敗，將足以影響學術文章的重要性與結構性。
Posted at 2011-04-28 14:51:40
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