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12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之十：正確引用出處，避免抄襲之嫌
【學術專欄】
12 Recommendations to Help you Submit a Conventional and Acceptable Paper Tip 10: Give full credit to sources and avoid plagiarism正確引用出處，避免抄襲之嫌
12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之十：正確引用出處，避免抄襲之嫌
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 10–Give full credit to sources and avoid plagiarism
技巧十：正確引用出處，避免抄襲之嫌
When a writer submits an academic paper, there should be no question about the submitter being the author of it. Even if the paper is, say, uncharacteristically refined in its approach, or astonishingly thorough in its research, the writer’s integrity should not be doubted. Yet only one person can ensure that such suspicions do not develop: the person whose name is on the paper.
學術論文的作者發表文章後，絕不容許被人質疑投稿者是否為原作者。即便這篇文章文筆非常成熟精鍊、研究成果極其深入完整，作者本人的誠信都不應遭受懷疑。不過，能夠完全避免這種質疑的人只有一個：作者本人。
We are talking here about the “P” word—plagiarism. A person who plagiarizes commits literary theft. The Council of Writing Administrators—an American association of university faculty—says plagiarism occurs when, “in instructional settings… a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original… material without acknowledg¬ing its source.”
在此說明 plagiarism 抄襲。抄襲他人的作品就是盜竊。寫作協會—由美國大學教授組成—的抄襲定義為：在教學環境中，抄襲就是蓄意使用他人的語言、想法、或其他原創思想等等，卻未註明出處。
Stolen in this way are ideas still in the abstract, or words concretely arranged in a uniquely identifiable way and particular context. When they are lifted without credit being given, they no longer qualify as fruits of original scholarship. Rather, they are the detritus of an intellectual crime. Their cribbed presence in a paper is unforgivable evidence that corners were cut.
被盜用的舉凡非具體的想法，或是以各種獨特、可辨識的方式所具體陳述的內容等等。如果使用這些資料時不註明出處，你的論文作品就稱不上原創，只是智慧犯罪後的殘跡。在文章裡夾帶這些資訊，便是作者投機取巧下不可抹滅的證據。
How can a writer avoid becoming a plagiarist? Resolve not to steal. Yes, it is that elementary. Deliberate theft is a conscious act. There is no mistake involved. Therefore, thievery is not a problem if it is eschewed as a matter of individual character. Academic pressure is no excuse for submitting another person’s work as one’s own. When that happens, it is a failure of character.
作者如何才能避免抄襲？只要下定決心不偷竊即可。沒錯，就是這麼簡單。蓄意偷竊是有意識的行為，沒有辯解的機會。只要體認到偷竊攸關個人品德，應能制止抄襲發生。學術壓力不能作為剽竊他人作品的辯解，會發生這種事就是代表個人操守有問題。
A less insidious but still serious indictment of a writer is commission of inadvertent plagiarism. This happens when the language of a source is submerged in a writer’s mind and transferred accidentally to a paper. Or when an idea becomes buried in research and its source forgotten when it is unearthed in the course of writing. Or it can be as simple as overlooking a citation.
另外一個狀況不那麼罪不可赦，不過仍是相當嚴重的指控，那就是無意間的抄襲。會發生這種情形可能是某些觀念已深植作者心中，使他一時不慎寫進自己的文章；或者該想法原是眾多研究之一，只是作者在寫作過程中忘了它的出處；又或許，作者純粹只是漏了註明出處。
In other words, careless work also can bring charges of plagiarism. While less incriminating than outright theft, academic sloppiness is not a shiny credential. A serious academic writer will strictly avoid willful and accidental plagiarism by painstakingly attributing the work of others, personally committing to original research and non-adaptive thinking—and refusing to steal.
換句話說，寫作時漫不經心也會招致抄襲的指控。儘管不像直接剽竊一樣嚴重，行文馬虎的研究內容，對學術作者的聲譽依然沒有好處。嚴謹的學術論文作者會嚴以律己，引用他人作品時一絲不苟地註明清楚，致力於原創性的研究與嚴謹的思考方式，並拒絕剽竊—完全杜絕刻意或無意間的抄襲。
12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧之十：正確引用出處，避免抄襲之嫌
教授學者們通常會規範寫作標準，制定如何撰寫碩博士論文與學術文章以及格式要求。學術界所評定的標準植基於以何種撰寫方式會被認可，何種撰寫方式則會被拒絕。本專欄提出「12個獲得學術認可的論文撰寫技巧」，幫助你寫出符合規範與認可標準的文章。
The community of scholars has rules that govern how dissertations, theses and other academic papers are composed and formatted. Academic convention has established what is acceptable and what is not. Following is one of 12 recommendations to help you submit a conventional and acceptable paper.
Tip 10–Give full credit to sources and avoid plagiarism
技巧十：正確引用出處，避免抄襲之嫌
When a writer submits an academic paper, there should be no question about the submitter being the author of it. Even if the paper is, say, uncharacteristically refined in its approach, or astonishingly thorough in its research, the writer’s integrity should not be doubted. Yet only one person can ensure that such suspicions do not develop: the person whose name is on the paper.
學術論文的作者發表文章後，絕不容許被人質疑投稿者是否為原作者。即便這篇文章文筆非常成熟精鍊、研究成果極其深入完整，作者本人的誠信都不應遭受懷疑。不過，能夠完全避免這種質疑的人只有一個：作者本人。
We are talking here about the “P” word—plagiarism. A person who plagiarizes commits literary theft. The Council of Writing Administrators—an American association of university faculty—says plagiarism occurs when, “in instructional settings… a writer deliberately uses someone else’s language, ideas, or other original… material without acknowledg¬ing its source.”
在此說明 plagiarism 抄襲。抄襲他人的作品就是盜竊。寫作協會—由美國大學教授組成—的抄襲定義為：在教學環境中，抄襲就是蓄意使用他人的語言、想法、或其他原創思想等等，卻未註明出處。
Stolen in this way are ideas still in the abstract, or words concretely arranged in a uniquely identifiable way and particular context. When they are lifted without credit being given, they no longer qualify as fruits of original scholarship. Rather, they are the detritus of an intellectual crime. Their cribbed presence in a paper is unforgivable evidence that corners were cut.
被盜用的舉凡非具體的想法，或是以各種獨特、可辨識的方式所具體陳述的內容等等。如果使用這些資料時不註明出處，你的論文作品就稱不上原創，只是智慧犯罪後的殘跡。在文章裡夾帶這些資訊，便是作者投機取巧下不可抹滅的證據。
How can a writer avoid becoming a plagiarist? Resolve not to steal. Yes, it is that elementary. Deliberate theft is a conscious act. There is no mistake involved. Therefore, thievery is not a problem if it is eschewed as a matter of individual character. Academic pressure is no excuse for submitting another person’s work as one’s own. When that happens, it is a failure of character.
作者如何才能避免抄襲？只要下定決心不偷竊即可。沒錯，就是這麼簡單。蓄意偷竊是有意識的行為，沒有辯解的機會。只要體認到偷竊攸關個人品德，應能制止抄襲發生。學術壓力不能作為剽竊他人作品的辯解，會發生這種事就是代表個人操守有問題。
A less insidious but still serious indictment of a writer is commission of inadvertent plagiarism. This happens when the language of a source is submerged in a writer’s mind and transferred accidentally to a paper. Or when an idea becomes buried in research and its source forgotten when it is unearthed in the course of writing. Or it can be as simple as overlooking a citation.
另外一個狀況不那麼罪不可赦，不過仍是相當嚴重的指控，那就是無意間的抄襲。會發生這種情形可能是某些觀念已深植作者心中，使他一時不慎寫進自己的文章；或者該想法原是眾多研究之一，只是作者在寫作過程中忘了它的出處；又或許，作者純粹只是漏了註明出處。
In other words, careless work also can bring charges of plagiarism. While less incriminating than outright theft, academic sloppiness is not a shiny credential. A serious academic writer will strictly avoid willful and accidental plagiarism by painstakingly attributing the work of others, personally committing to original research and non-adaptive thinking—and refusing to steal.
換句話說，寫作時漫不經心也會招致抄襲的指控。儘管不像直接剽竊一樣嚴重，行文馬虎的研究內容，對學術作者的聲譽依然沒有好處。嚴謹的學術論文作者會嚴以律己，引用他人作品時一絲不苟地註明清楚，致力於原創性的研究與嚴謹的思考方式，並拒絕剽竊—完全杜絕刻意或無意間的抄襲。