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避免抄襲的七大方法之一：了解何為剽竊
【學術專欄】
真正的學者不會竊取他人的想法，不過研究過程中，有時可能無意間侵占了其他研究者的想法或表達方式。本系列「避免抄襲的七大方法」提供訣竅，幫助你避免不小心冒用他人的心血結晶。每則訣竅將刊登在 TPS 專頁。
A true scholar is not a thief. Yet stealing another researcher’s ideas or method of expressing them sometimes happens inadvertently in the course of research. How to avoid accidentally passing off someone else’s work as your own is the subject of this series, “7 Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism.” Each of the tips will be presented on the TPS Fan page before being compiled with the others as a series.
Tip # 1 – Know plagiarism when you see it
方法一：了解何為剽竊
First of all, the assumption is that no true scholar wants credit for another scholar’s work. Such a desire nullifies any claim to being a scholar, after all, for a plagiarizer quite evidently has not learned enough to teach anyone anything. The root word of plagiary refers to kidnapping; there is no question that a plagiarist is a person trading in ill-gotten information. So every true researcher should be able to identify plagiarism and want to avoid it to ensure the integrity of a work.
首先，我們假設真正的學者不會侵占其他學者的心血，否則他就失去學者的資格；畢竟，如果一個人只會剽竊，他的學識必定不足以為人師。剽竊 (plagiary) 一詞的詞根意謂巧取豪奪，無疑地，剽竊者傳遞的知識都是以不正當的方式取得。因此，每個真正的研究者應該要能判別何為剽竊，並竭力避免，如此工作成果在道德誠信上才站得住腳。
Yet accidents happen. An academic project of any length has multiple entry points for inadvertent plagiarism by the most respected researcher. Such slip-ups—with the attendant embarrassment and professional penalties upon exposure—can be avoided if a researcher knows what constitutes plagiarism and maintains a guard against it. This presumes a scholar is not outright copying material or otherwise trafficking in forgery. For that, there is no hope.
不過，意外難免，一篇論文不論長短，即使由最德高望重的學者撰寫，也有許多機會在無意間造成剽竊；這種行為如果一旦揭露，不僅作者無地自容，還會遭到學術懲處。如果研究者知道何謂剽竊，並戒慎警惕，這種錯誤就可以避免。前提是，學者並非直接抄襲他人作品，也未大量使用捏造資料，因為這種行為是無藥可救的。
Plagiarism’s danger area for honest researchers is about fully giving credit. When credit for authorship is insufficiently accorded, a reader attributes to the writer something properly attributed to someone else. This can happen through incomplete quotations, or paraphrases that really are exact quotes, or from some other failure to fully identify a source. It is critical that a researcher separate original and borrowed ideas by clearly declaring the latter. Know your mind.
對誠實的研究者而言，剽竊最可能發生在未充分說明資料出處時。未充分註明出處，讀者可能把應歸功給原作者的內容歸功給其他人；這種情況包括引用不完全、應換句話說時卻照抄原文，或者未充分註明資料來源。研究者一定要分清自己原創的想法，與借用自他人的想法，若為借用，必須明確說明。你必須能掌握自己的思想。
A true scholar is not a thief. Yet stealing another researcher’s ideas or method of expressing them sometimes happens inadvertently in the course of research. How to avoid accidentally passing off someone else’s work as your own is the subject of this series, “7 Tips for Avoiding Plagiarism.” Each of the tips will be presented on the TPS Fan page before being compiled with the others as a series.
Tip # 1 – Know plagiarism when you see it
方法一：了解何為剽竊
First of all, the assumption is that no true scholar wants credit for another scholar’s work. Such a desire nullifies any claim to being a scholar, after all, for a plagiarizer quite evidently has not learned enough to teach anyone anything. The root word of plagiary refers to kidnapping; there is no question that a plagiarist is a person trading in ill-gotten information. So every true researcher should be able to identify plagiarism and want to avoid it to ensure the integrity of a work.
首先，我們假設真正的學者不會侵占其他學者的心血，否則他就失去學者的資格；畢竟，如果一個人只會剽竊，他的學識必定不足以為人師。剽竊 (plagiary) 一詞的詞根意謂巧取豪奪，無疑地，剽竊者傳遞的知識都是以不正當的方式取得。因此，每個真正的研究者應該要能判別何為剽竊，並竭力避免，如此工作成果在道德誠信上才站得住腳。
Yet accidents happen. An academic project of any length has multiple entry points for inadvertent plagiarism by the most respected researcher. Such slip-ups—with the attendant embarrassment and professional penalties upon exposure—can be avoided if a researcher knows what constitutes plagiarism and maintains a guard against it. This presumes a scholar is not outright copying material or otherwise trafficking in forgery. For that, there is no hope.
不過，意外難免，一篇論文不論長短，即使由最德高望重的學者撰寫，也有許多機會在無意間造成剽竊；這種行為如果一旦揭露，不僅作者無地自容，還會遭到學術懲處。如果研究者知道何謂剽竊，並戒慎警惕，這種錯誤就可以避免。前提是，學者並非直接抄襲他人作品，也未大量使用捏造資料，因為這種行為是無藥可救的。
Plagiarism’s danger area for honest researchers is about fully giving credit. When credit for authorship is insufficiently accorded, a reader attributes to the writer something properly attributed to someone else. This can happen through incomplete quotations, or paraphrases that really are exact quotes, or from some other failure to fully identify a source. It is critical that a researcher separate original and borrowed ideas by clearly declaring the latter. Know your mind.
對誠實的研究者而言，剽竊最可能發生在未充分說明資料出處時。未充分註明出處，讀者可能把應歸功給原作者的內容歸功給其他人；這種情況包括引用不完全、應換句話說時卻照抄原文，或者未充分註明資料來源。研究者一定要分清自己原創的想法，與借用自他人的想法，若為借用，必須明確說明。你必須能掌握自己的思想。
